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Enabling High Performance Data Transfers on Hosts (tune speed optimization)


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Ключевые слова: tune, speed, optimization,  (найти похожие документы)
Subj : Enabling High Performance Data Transfers on Hosts ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Enabling High Performance Data Transfers on Hosts Introduction In order to take advantage of today's high speed networks, hosts must support and utilize extensions to basic TCP/IP. There are four main steps required for both the data sender and data receiver: 1. The host systems must use Path MTU Discovery (RFC1191). This allows systems to use the largest possible packet size, rather than the default of 512 bytes. On most systems, this feature must be explicitly enabled by the system administrator. If Path MTU Discovery is unavailable or undesired, it is sometimes possible to trick the system into using large packets, but this may have undesirable side effects. 2. The host systems must support RFC1323 "Large Windows" extensions to TCP. These extensions enable new features in the TCP/IP protocols needed for high speed transfers. On some systems, RFC1323 extensions are included but may require the system administrator to explicitly turn them on. 3. The host system must support large enough socket buffers for reading and writing data to the network. Typical Unix systems include a default maximum value for the socket buffer size between 128 kB and 1 MB. For many paths, this is not enough, and must be increased. (Without RFC1323 "Large Windows", TCP/IP does not allow applications to buffer more the 64 kB in the network, which is inadequate for almost all high speed paths.) 4. The application must set its send and receive socket buffer sizes (at both ends) to at least the bandwidth*delay product of the link. (See [1]computing bandwidth*delay products below). Some user applications support options for the user to set the socket buffer size (for example, Cray UNICOS FTP); many do not. There are several modified versions applications available which support large socket buffer sizes. + Retrieve [2]an example of a user tunable version of WU-FTP and NCFTP from NCAR. + NLANR/NCNE maintains a [3]tool repository which includes application enhancements for several versions of FTP and rsh. Also included on this site is the nettune library for performing such enhancements yourself. Alternatively, the system-wide default socket buffer size can be raised, causing all applications to utilize large socket buffers. This is not generally recommended, as many network applications then consume system memory which they do not require. New: The best solution would be for the operating system to automatically tune socket buffers to the appropriate size. Jeff Semke at PSC has developed an experimental [4]Autotuning Implementation for NetBSD which does exactly this. In the future, we hope to see such automatic tuning as a part of all TCP implementations, making this entire website obsolete. For socket applications, the programmer can choose the socket buffer sizes using a setsockopt() system call. A [5]Detailed Users Guide describing how to set socket buffer sizes within socket based applications has been put together by Von Welch at NCSA. In additionto these four steps, TCP Selective Acknowledgments (SACK) are in the process of being standardized (RFC2018). SACKs allow for further improvements to efficiency of TCP, both for high bandwidth networking needs, and in cases of heavy congestion. For completeness, SACK information is included in the table below. Further information on commercial and experimental implementations of SACK is available at [6]http://www.psc.edu/networking/all_sack.html. _________________________________________________________________ CAPTION: Support for these features under various operating systems Operating System (Alphabetical) (Click for additional info) RFC1191 Path MTU Discovery RFC1323 Support Default maximum socket buffer size Default TCP socket buffer size Default UDP socket buffer size Applications (if any) which are user tunable RFC2018 SACK Support [7]More info [8]BSD/OS 2.0 No Yes 256kB 8kB 9216 snd 41600 rcv None [9]Hari Balakrishnan's BSD/OS 2.1 implementation [10]BSD/OS 3.0 Yes Yes 256kB 8kB 9216 snd 41600 rcv None ConvexOS 11.0 Yes 2400kB [11]CRI Unicos 8.0 Yes Yes FTP [12](Compaq) Digital Unix 3.2 Yes Winscale, No Timestamps 128kB 32kB None [13](Compaq) Digital Unix 4.0 Yes Yes Winscale, No Timestamps 128kB 32kB 9216 snd 41600 rcv None [14]PSC Research version [15]FreeBSD 2.1.5 Yes Yes 256kB 16kB 40kB None [16]Luigi Rizzo's FreeBSD2.1R version Also Eliot Yan of UCLA has one [17]FTP Software OnNet Kernel 4.0 for Win95/98 Yes Yes 963.75 MB 8K [146K for Satellite tuning] 8K send 48K recv FTP server Yes [18]HPUX 9.X No 9.05 and 9.07 provide patches for RFC1323 1 MB (?) 8kB 9216 FTP (with patches) [19]HPUX 10.{00,01,10,20,30} Yes Yes 256kB 32kB 9216 FTP [20]HPUX 11 Yes Yes >31MB? 32kB 65535 FTP [21]IBM AIX 3.2 & 4.1 No Yes 64kB 16kB 41600 Bytes recieve/9216 Bytes send None [22]IBM MVS TCP stack by Interlink, v2.0 or greater No Yes 1MB Linux 2.0.x Yes No (under development for 2.1.x) 32kB 32kB 32kB None Available from Theodoros Assimakopoulos (thass@ee.tu-berlin.de) [23]Linux 2.1.90 or later, including Linux 2.2. Yes Yes 64kB 32kB (see [24]notes 32kB(?) None SACK (and FACK?) are now part of the 2.1 distribution [25]MacOS (Open Transport) Yes No [26]Microsoft Windows NT 3.5/4.0 Yes No 64kB max(~8kB, min(4*MSS, 64kB)) No Microsoft Windows NT 5.0 Beta Yes Yes [27]Microsoft Win95 [28]Patch is available with many improvements to networking support. I have not tried out this patch, but I imagine the tuning instructions for Win98 will be helpful if you use it. [29]Microsoft Win98 Yes 1GB(?!) 8kB Yes (on by default) [30]NetBSD 1.1/1.2 No Yes 256kB 16kB None [31]PSC Research version Novell Netware5 Yes No 64kB 31kB None [32]SGI IRIX 5.3 Yes Yes 512kB 60kB None [33]SGI IRIX 6.1 Yes Yes 1MB 60kB None [34]SGI IRIX 6.2 Yes Yes Unlimitted 60kB None [35]SGI IRIX 6.5 Yes Yes Unlimitted 60kB 60kB None Yes, as of 6.5.7. It is on by default. [36]SunOS 4.1.4 No No. However, can be purchased as a Sun Consulting Special. 52kB 4kB 9000 bytes Send, 18032 bytes Receive None [37]Sun Solaris 2.5 Yes No. However, can be purchased as a Sun Consulting Special, and will be in Solaris 2.6 256kB 8kB 8kB None [38]Sun Solaris 2.6 Yes Yes 1MB TCP, 256kB UDP 8kB 8kB None Yes, [39]experimental patch from Sun [40]Sun Solaris 7 Yes Yes 1MB TCP, 256kB UDP 8kB 8kB None Yes; default is "passive". (See [41]below) Operating System (Alphabetical) (Click for additional info) Path MTU Discovery RFC1323 Support Default maximum socket buffer size Default TCP socket buffer size Default UDP socket buffer size Applications (if any) which are user tunable SACK Support _________________________________________________________________ Computing Bandwidth*Delay ProductsThe peak bandwidth of the link is typically expressed in Mbit/s, and for the vBNS network is approximately 120 Mbit/s. The round-trip delay for a link can be measured with traceroute, and for high-speed WAN links is typically between 10 msec and 100 msec. For a 60 msec, 120 Mbit/s path, the bandwidth*delay product would be 7200 kbit, or 900 kByte. _________________________________________________________________ Additional detailed procedures for system tuning under various operating systems Procedure for raising network limits under BSD/OS 2.1 and 3.0 (BSDi) MTU discovery is now supported in BSD/OS 3.0. RFC1323 is also supported, and the procedure for setting the relevant kernel variable uses the "sysctl" interface described for [42]FreeBSD. See sysctl(1) and sysctl(3) for more information. _________________________________________________________________ Procedure for raising network limits under CRI systems under Unicos 8.0 System configuration parameters are tunable via the command "/etc/netvar". Running "/etc/netvar" with no arguments shows all configurable variables: % /etc/netvar Network configuration variables tcp send space is 32678 tcp recv space is 32678 tcp time to live is 60 tcp keepalive delay is 14400 udp send space is 65536 udp recv space is 68096 udp time to live is 60 ipforwarding is on ipsendredirects is on subnetsarelocal is on dynamic MTU discovery is on adminstrator mtu override is on maximum number of allocated sockets is 3750 maximum socket buffer space is 409600 operator message delay interval is 5 per-session sockbuf space limit is 0 The following variables can be set: * dynamic MTU discovery: This is "off" by default and should be changed to "on". * maximum socket buffer space: This should be set to the desired maximum socket buffer size (in bytes). * tcp send space, tcp recv space: These are the default buffer sizes used by applications. These should be changed with caution. Once variables have been changed in by /etc/netvar, they take effect immediately for new processes. Processes which are already running with open sockets are not modified. _________________________________________________________________ Procedure for raising network limits on (Compaq) DEC Alpha systems under Digital Unix 3.2c * By default, the maximum allowable socket buffer size on this operating system is 128kB. * In order to raise this maximum, you must increase the kernel variable sb_max. In order to do this, run the following commands as root: # dbx -k /vmunix (dbx) assign sb_max = (u_long) 524288 (dbx) patch sb_max = (u_long) 524288 In this example, sb_max is increased to 512kB. The first command changes the variable for the running system, and the second command patches the kernel so it will continue to use the new value, even after rebooting the system. Note, however, that reinstalling (overwriting) the kernel will undo this change. * The Digital Unix manuals also recommend increasing mbclusters to at least 832. * Standard applications do not have a mechanism for setting the socket buffer size to anything but the default. However, you can change the kernel default by modifying the kernel variables (tcp_sendspace, tcp_recvspace) _________________________________________________________________ Procedure for raising network limits on (Compaq) DEC Alpha systems under Digital Unix 4.0 * Under version 4.0 of Digital Unix, many variables can now be tuned with the sysconfig command. Some (but not all!) of the relevant variables from sysconfig are shown here: % /sbin/sysconfig -q inet inet: tcp_sendspace = 32768 tcp_recvspace = 32768 tcp_keepidle = 14400 tcp_keepintvl = 150 tcp_keepinit = 150 tcp_keepcnt = 8 tcp_ttl = 60 tcp_mssdflt = 536 tcp_rttdflt = 3 tcp_dont_winscale = 0 tcpnodelack = 0 tcptwreorder = 1 udp_sendspace = 9216 udp_recvspace = 41600 udpcksum = 1 udp_ttl = 30 pmtu_enabled = 1 pmtu_rt_check_intvl = 20 pmtu_decrease_intvl = 1200 pmtu_increase_intvl = 240 ... % /sbin/sysconfig -q socket socket: sominconn = 0 somaxconn = 1024 sb_max = 131072 To make a change (for example): # /sbin/sysconfig -r inet tcp_sendspace 65536 # /sbin/sysconfig -r inet tcp_recvspace 65536 * Specific advice for tuning (Compaq) Digital UNIX systems (for both V4.0 releases and many of the V3.2x releases) may be found at [43]http://www.unix.digital.com/internet/tuning.htm This document contains information on other important parameters (not just the ones directly associated with the socket, IP, and TCP layers) and gives instructions on how to modify things. It also includes important patch information, and is updated every few months. _________________________________________________________________ Procedure for raising network limits under FreeBSD 2.1.5 MTU discovery is on by default in FreeBSD past 2.1.0-RELEASE. If you wish to disble MTU discovery, the only way that we know is to lock an interface's MTU, which disables MTU discovery on that interface. You can't modify the maximum socket buffer size in FreeBSD 2.1.0-RELEASE, but in 2.2-CURRENT you can use sysctl -w kern.maxsockbuf=524288 to make it 512kB (for example). You can also set the TCP and UDP default buffer sizes using the variables net.inet.tcp.sendspace net.inet.tcp.recvspace net.inet.udp.recvspace _________________________________________________________________ Procedure for raising network limits under FTP Software OnNet 4.0 for Win95/98 OnNet Kernel has a check box "Enable Satellite tuning" which was intended and tested for 2Mb Satellite link with 600ms delay. This sets tcp window to 146K. Many default settings, all of the above and more, may be overriden with registry entries. We plan to make available tuning guidelines at "some future time". Also default TCP window may be set with Statistics app which is installed with OnNet Kernel. The product "readme" discusses changing TCP window size and Initial slow start threshold with the Windows registry. Statistics also has interesting graphs of TCP/UDP/IP/ICMP traffic. Also IPtrace app is shipped with OnNet Kernel to view unicast / multicast / broadcast traffic (no unicast traffic for other hosts - it does not run in promiscuous mode). _________________________________________________________________ Procedure for raising network limits under HPUX 9.X HP-UX 9.X does not support Path MTU discovery. There are patches for 9.05 and 9.07 that provide 1323 support. To enable it, one must poke the kernel variables tcp_dont_tsecho and tcp_dont_winscale to 0 with adb (the patch includes a script, but I don't recall the patch number). Without the 9.05/9.07 patch, the maximum socket buffer buffer size is somewhere around 58254 bytes. With the patch it is somewhere around 1MB (there is a small chance it is as much as 4MB). The FTP provided with the up to date patches should offer an option to change the socket buffer size. The default socket buffer size for this could be 32KB or 56KB. There is no support for SACK in 9.X. Procedure for raising network limits under HPUX 10.X HP-UX 10.00, 10.01, 10.10, 10.20, and 10.30 supports Path MTU discovery. It is on by default for TCP, and off by default for UDP. On/Off can be toggled with nettune. Up through 10.20, RFC 1323 support is like the 9.05 patch, except the maximum socket buffer size is somewhere between 240 and 256KB. In other words, you need to do the same adb "pokes" as described above. 10.30 does not require adb "pokes" to enable RFC1323. 10.30 also replaces nettune with ndd. The 10.X default TCP socket buffer size is 32768, the default UDP remains unchanged from 9.X. Both can be tweaked with nettune. FTP should be as it is in patched 9.X. There is no support for SACK in 10.X up through 10.20. Procedure for raising network limits under HPUX 11 HP-UX 11supports PMTU discovery and enables it by default. This is controlled through the ndd setting ip_pmtu_strategy. RFC 1323 support is enabled automagically in HP-UX 11. If an application requests a window/socket buffer size greater than 64 KB, window scaling and timestamps will be used automatically. The default TCP window size in HP-UX 11 remains 32768 bytes and can be altered though ndd and the settings: tcp_recv_hiwater_def tcp_recv_hiwater_lfp tcp_recv_hiwater_lnp tcp_xmit_hiwater_def tcp_xmit_hiwater_lfp tcp_xmit_hiwater_lnp FTP in HP-UX 11 uses the new sendfile() system call. This allows data to be sent directly from the filesystem buffer cache through the network without intervening data copies. Support for SACK in HP-UX 11 is currently (2/26/99) under investigation. Here is some ndd -h parm output for a few of the settings mentioned above. For those not mentioned, use ndd -h on an HP-UX 11 system, or consult the online manuals at [44]http://docs.hp.com/ # ndd -h ip_pmtu_strategy ip_pmtu_strategy: Set the Path MTU Discovery strategy: 0 disables Path MTU Discovery; 1 enables Strategy 1; 2 enables Strategy 2. Because of problems encountered with some firewalls, hosts, and low-end routers, IP provides for selection of either of two discovery strategies, or for completely disabling the algorithm. The tunable parameter ip_pmtu_strategy controls the selection. Strategy 1: All outbound datagrams have the "Don't Fragment" bit set. This should result in notification from any intervening gateway that needs to forward a datagram down a path that would require additional fragmentation. When the ICMP "Fragmentation Needed" message is received, IP updates its MTU for the remote host. If the responding gateway implements the recommendations for gateways in RFCM- 1191, then the next hop MTU will be included in the "Fragmentation Needed" message, and IP will use it. If the gateway does not provide next hop information, then IP will reduce the MTU to the next lower value taken from a table of "popular" media MTUs. Strategy 2: When a new routing table entry is created for a destination on a locally connected subnet, the "Don't Fragment" bit is never turned on. When a new routing table entry for a non-local destination is created, the "Don't Fragment" bit is not immediately turned on. Instead, o An ICMP "Echo Request" of full MTU size is generated and sent out with the "Don't Fragment" bit on. o The datagram that initiated creation of the routing table entry is sent out immediately, without the "Don't Fragment" bit. Traffic is not held up waiting for a response to the "Echo Request". o If no response to the "Echo Request" is received, the "Don't Fragment" bit is never turned on for that route; IP won't time-out or retry the ping. If an ICMP "Fragmentation Needed" message is received in response to the "Echo Request", the Path MTU is reduced accordingly, and a new "Echo Request" is sent out using the updated Path MTU. This step repeats as needed. o If a response to the "Echo Request" is received, the "Don't Fragment" bit is turned on for all further packets for the destination, and Path MTU discovery proceeds as for Strategy 1. Assuming that all routers properly implement Path MTU Discovery, Strategy 1 is generally better - there is no extra overhead for the ICMP "Echo Request" and response. Strategy 2 is available only because some routers, or firewalls, or end hosts have been observed simply to drop packets that have the DF bit on without issuing the "Fragmentation Needed" message. Strategy 2 is more conservative in that IP will never fail to communicate when using it. [0,2] Default: Strategy 2 # ndd -h tcp_recv_hiwater_def | more tcp_recv_hiwater_def: The maximum size for the receive window. [4096,-] Default: 32768 bytes # ndd -h tcp_xmit_hiwater_def tcp_xmit_hiwater_def: The amount of unsent data that triggers write-side flow control. [4096,-] Default: 32768 bytes HP has detailed networking performance information online, including information about the "netperf" tool and a large database of system performance results obtained with netperf: [45]http://www.netperf.org/netperf/NetperfPage.html _________________________________________________________________ Procedure for raising network limits on IBM RS/6000 systems under AIX 3.2 or AIX 4.1 RFC1323 options and defaults are tunable via the "no" command. See the "no" man page for options; additional information is available in the IBM manual AIX Versions 3.2 and 4.1 Performance Tuning Guide, which is available on AIX machines through the InfoExplorer hypertext interface. _________________________________________________________________ Procedure for raising network limits on IBM MVS systems under the Interlink TCP stack The default send and receive buffer sizes are specified at startup, through a configuration file. The range is from 4K to 1MByte. The syntax is as follows: * TCP SCALE(4) - specifies to support window scaling of 4 bits. Range is 0 (suppress both window scaling and timestamps) to 14 bits. If SCALE is not zero, and the user bufferspace is > 65535, negotiating window scaling and timestamps will be attempted. If SCALE is not zero, and the remote user negotiates window scaling or timestamps, we will accept those requests. * FTP IBUF(4 20480) - would specify a receive bufferspace of 81920 bytes, and thus eligible for window scaling and timestamps. FTP and user programs can be configured to use Window Scaling and Timestamps. This is done through the use of SITE commands: * QUOTE SITE IBUF(num size) - specifies the input bufferspace for file transfers. When the product is larger than 65535, negotiating window scaling and timestamps will be attempted (if SCALE is not zero). _________________________________________________________________ Procedure for raising network limits on Linux systems for 2.1.100 or greater. Note: Linux only allows you to use 15 bits of the TCP window field. The net effect of this is that you need to multiply everything by 2, or recompile the kernel without this limitation. See "Tuning at compile time" below. Tuning a running system There is no sysctl application for changing values, but you can change the values very easy with a editor like vi. Simply edit the files listed below, which magically change the values in the kernel. Tuning the default and maximum window size: /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default - default receive window /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_max - maximum receive window /proc/sys/net/core/wmem_default - default send window /proc/sys/net/core/wmem_max - maximum send window In /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ you will find some other possibilities to tune TCP: tcp_timestamps tcp_windowscaling tcp_sack ... You will find a short description in /Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt Tuning at compile time All the above values are set default by a header file in the Linux kernel source directory: /LINUX-SOURCE-DIR/include/linux/skbuff.h /* These are just the default values. This is run time configurable. * FIXME: Probably the config option should go away. - erics */ #ifdef CONFIG_SKB_LARGE #define SK_WMEM_MAX 65535 #define SK_RMEM_MAX 65535 #else #define SK_WMEM_MAX 32767 #define SK_RMEM_MAX 32767 #endif Also in the Linux kernel source directory: /LINUX-SOURCE-DIR/include/net/tcp.h you can change the MAX-WINDOW value /* * Never offer a window over 32767 without using window scaling. Some * poor stacks do signed 16bit maths! */ #define MAX_WINDOW 32767 #define MIN_WINDOW 2048 This last item is what limits you to using only 15 bits of the window field in the TCP packet header. Suppose you wish to use a window of 40 kB. If you simply set the rmem_default to 40 kB, the stack will recognize that this is less than 64 kB and therefore will not negotiate a winshift. However, because of this second check, you will only get 32 kB. Therefore, you need to set the rmem_default to something larger than 64 kB in order to force a winshift=1, which then lets you express the desired 40 kB in only 15 bits (and in fact you'll probably then end up with 64 kB whether you want it or not). I imagine that a better idea is to simply change this value for MAX_WINDOW to 65535 if you need windows larger than 32 kB. I haven't tested this out to see how well it works. Alas, this part of the code is somewhat hard to follow. I'd appreciate any comments on how well this works. User testimonial: With the tuned TCP stacks it was possible to get a maximum throughput between 1.5 - 1.8 Mbit/s via a 2Mbit/s satellite link, measured with netperf. _________________________________________________________________ Information about tuning for MacOS I don't have detailed information, however, someone pointed me to a good website with useful information. The URL is [46]http://www.sustworks.com/products/product_otat.html. I don't endorse the product they are selling (since I've never tried it). However, it is available for a free trial, and they appear to do an excellent job of describing perf-tune issues for Macs. _________________________________________________________________ Procedure for raising network limits under Microsoft Windows 98 New: Some folks at NLANR/MOAT in SDSC have written a tool to do guide you through some of this stuff. It can be found at [47]http://moat.nlanr.net/Software/TCPtune/. Even newer: I've updated some sending window information which was inaccurate. See [48]below. Several folks have recently helped me to figure out how to accomplish the necessary tuning under Windows98, and the features do appear to exist and work. Thanks to everyone for the assistance! The new description below should be useful to even the complete Windows novice (such as me :-). Windows98 includes implementation of RFC1323 and RFC2018. Both are on by default. (However, with a default buffer size of only about 8kB, window scaling doesn't do much). Windows stores the tuning parameters in the Windows Registry. In the registry are settings to toggle on/off Large Windows, Timestamps, and SACK. In addition, default socket buffer sizes can be specified in the registry. In order to modify registry variables, do the following steps: 1. Click on Start -> Run and then type in "regedit". This will fire up the Registry Editor. 2. In the Registry Editor, double click on the appropriate folders to walk the tree to the parameter you wish to modify. For the parameters below, this means clicking on HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE -> System -> CurrentControlSet -> Services -> VxD -> MSTCP. 3. Once there, you should see a list of parameters in the right half of your screen, and MSTCP should be highlighted in the left half. The parameters you wish to modify will probably not appear in the right half of your screen; this is OK. 4. In the menu bar, Click on "Edit -> New -> String Value". It is important to create the parameter with the correct type. All of the parameters listed below are strings. 5. A box will appear with "New Value #1"; change the name to the name listed below, exactly as shown. Hit return. 6. On the menu, click on "Edit -> Modify" (your new entry should still be selected). Then type in the value you wish to assign to the parameter. 7. Exit the registry editor, and reboot windows. (The rebooting is important, *sigh*.) 8. When your system comes back up, you should have access to the features you have just turned on. The only real way to verify this is through packet traces (or by noticing a significant performance improvement). TCP/IP Stack Variables Support for TCP Large Windows (TCPLW) Win98 TCP/IP supports TCP large windows as documented in RFC 1323. TCP large windows can be used for networks that have large bandwidth delay products such as high-speed trans-continental connections or satellite links. Large windows support is controlled by a registry key value in: HKLM\system\currentcontrolset\services\VXD\MSTCP The registry key Tcp1323Opts is a string value type. The values for Tcp1323Opt are Value Meaning 0 No Windowscaling and Timestamp Options 1 Window scaling but no Timestamp options 3 Window scaling and Time stamp options The default value for Tcp1323Opts is 3: Window Scaling and Time stamp options. Large window support is enabled if an application requests a Winsock socket to use buffer sizes greater than 64K. The current default value for TCP receive window size in Memphis TCP is 8196 bytes. In previous implementations the TCP window size was limited to 64K, this limit is raised to 2**30 through the use of TCP large window support. Support for Selective Acknowledgements (SACK) Win98 TCP supports Selective Acknowledgements as documented in RFC 2018. Selective acknowledgements allow TCP to recover from IP packet loss without resending packets that were already received by the receiver. Selective Acknowledgements is most useful when employed with TCP large windows. SACK support is controlled by a registry key value in: HKLM\system\currentcontrolset\services\VXD\MSTCP The registry key SackOpts is a string value type. The values for SackOpts are Value Meaning 0 No Sack options 1 Sack Option enabled Support for Fast Retransmission and Fast Recovery Win98 TCP/IP supports Fast Retransmission and Fast Recovery of TCP connections that are encountering IP packet loss in the network. These mechanisms allow a TCP sender to quickly infer a single packet loss by reception of duplicate acknowledgements for a previously sent and acknowledged TCP/IP packet. This mechanism is useful when the network is intermittently congested. The reception of 3 (default value) successive duplicate acknowledgements indicates to the TCP sender that it can resend the last unacknowledged TCP/IP packet (fast retransmit) and not go into TCP slow start due to a single packet loss (fast recovery). Fast Retransmission and Recovery support is controlled by a registry key value in: HKLM\system\currentcontrolset\services\VXD\MSTCP\Parameters The registry key MaxDupAcks is DWORD taking integer values from 2 to N. If MaxDupAcks is not defined, the default value is 3. Update: If you wish to set the default receiver window for applications, you should set the following key: DefaultRcvWindow HKLM\system\currentcontrolset\services\VXD\MSTCP DefaultRcvWindow is a string type and the value describes the default receive windowsize for the TCP stack. Otherwise the windowsize has to be programmed in apps with setsockopt. For a long time, I had the following sentence on this page: * I presume that there is also a DefaultSndWindow which you would want to use on servers sending data to get higher performance. I have not yet verified this, however. It turns out that there is not in fact such a variable. My limited experience has shown that, in some cases, it is possible to see very large send windows from Microsoft boxes. However, recent reports on the tcpsat mailing list have also stated that a number of applications under Windows severely limit the sending window. These applications appear to include FTP and possibly also the CIFS protocol which is used for file sharing. With these applications, it appears to be impossible to exceed the performance limit dictated by this sending window. If anyone has any further information on these specific applications under Windows, I would be happy to include it here. _________________________________________________________________ Misc Info about Windows NT Editor's note: See Windows 98 above for a detailed description of how this all works. In NT land, the Registry Editor is called regedt32. Any Registry Values listed appear in: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters Receive Window maximum value = 64kB, since window scaling is not supported default value = min( max( 4 x MSS, 8kB rounded up to nearest multiple of MSS), 64kB) Registry Value: TcpWindowSize Path MTU Discovery Variables: EnablePMTUDiscovery (default = enabled) turn on/off path MTU discovery EnablePMTUBHDetect (default = disabled) turn on/off Black Hole detection Using Path MTU Discovery: EnablePMTUDiscovery REG_DWORD Range: 0 (false) or 1 (true) Default: 1 Determines whether TCP uses a fixed, default maximum transmission unit (MTU) or attempts to find the actual MTU. If the value of this entry is 0, TCP uses an MTU of 576 bytes for all connections to computers outside of the local subnet. If the value of this entry is 1, TCP attempts to discover the MTU (largest packet size) over the path to a remote host. Using Path MTU Discovery's "Blackhole Detection" algorithm: EnablePMTUBHDetect REG_DWORD Range: 0 (false) or 1 (true) Default: 0 If the value of this entry is 1, TCP tries to detect black hole routers while doing Path MTU Discovery. TCP will try to send segments without the Don't Fragment bit set if several retransmissions of a segment go unacknowledged. If the segment is acknowledged as a result, the MSS will be decreased and the Don't Fragment bit will be set in future packets on the connection. I received the following additional notes about the Windows TCP implementation. PMTU Discovery. If PMTU is turned on, NT 3.1 cannot cope with routers that have the BSD 4.2 bug (see RFC 1191, section 5). It loops resending the same packet. Only confirmed on NT 3.1. _________________________________________________________________ Misc Info about Windows 95 Editor's note: See Windows 98 above for more detailed descriptions of how this all works. I haven't personally tested the Win95 info below. New: A Patch is available for Win95 at the following URL: [49]http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q182/1/08.asp. This patch includes support for TCPLW and SACK. I haven't tried it out, but I assume that the info above on tuning Win98 will be useful. Any Registry Values listed appear in: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\MSTCP Receive Window maximum value = 64kB, since window scaling is not supported default value = min( max( 4 x MSS, 8kB rounded up to nearest multiple of MSS), 64kB) Registry Value: DefaultRcvWindow Path MTU Discovery Variables: present Registry Values: PMTUDiscovery (default = 1 (enabled)) turn on/off path MTU discovery PMTUBlackHoleDetect (default = 0 (disabled)) turn on/off Black Hole detection (See NT for more info on using PMTU discovery and black hole detection). I received the following additional notes about the Windows TCP implementation. TCP retries. Not strictly performance related but a common cause of TN3270 emulators dropping their sessions if the mainframe is busy for a second or two. Instead of retrying up to 240 seconds (RFC 1122, section 4.2.3.1), Windows 3.11 and 95 default to 5 retries without a time limit. Even with RTO doubling, on a fast link 5 retries gives up after less than a second of no response. Hkey_Local_Machine\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\MSTCP, add variable MaxDataRetries. I normally set it to 64. _________________________________________________________________ Procedure for raising network limits under NetBSD RFC1323 is on by default in NetBSD 1.1 and above. Under NetBSD 1.2, it can be verified to be on by typing: sysctl net.inet.tcp.rfc1323 The maximum socket buffer size can be modified by changing SB_MAX in /usr/src/sys/sys/socketvar.h. The default socket buffer sizes can be modified by changing TCP_SENDSPACE and TCP_RECVSPACE in /usr/src/sys/netinet/tcp_usrreq.c. It may also be necessary to increase the number of mbufs, NMBCLUSTERS in /usr/src/sys/arch/*/include/param.h. Update: It is also possible to set these parameters in the kernel configuration file. options SB_MAX=1048576 # maximum socket buffer size options TCP_SENDSPACE=65536 # default send socket buffer size options TCP_RECVSPACE=65536 # default recv socket buffer size options NMBCLUSTERS=1024 # maximum number of mbuf clusters _________________________________________________________________ Procedure for raising network limits under SGI systems under IRIX 5.3 or 6.1 All of the necessary kernel variables are included in the file: /var/sysgen/master.d/bsd The following variables are available to enable control high speed transfers: * tcp_mtudisc: To enable MTU Discovery, set the variable tcp_mtudisc = 1. [Note: I have received reports of poor performance with MTU discovery on the Iconwest/Phobos G100 fast ethernet card. I would like to hear more about this problem if anyone else is experiencing it.] * tcp_sendspace, tcp_recvspace: To increase the default socket buffer size for TCP, set the variables tcp_sendspace and tcp_recvspace to the desired value (in byes). Under IRIX 5.3, the maximum socket buffer size allowed is 512 kB. Under IRIX 6.x this limit has been increased to 1 MB, and under future releases it is rumored that there will be (effectively) no limit on these TCP socket buffer size. [Note: Under IRIX 6.2, the comment in the bsd file says there is still a limit of 512 kB. We are running 1 MB on some of our systems here, and I am searching out the answer on what the real max is.] * tcp_winscale controls the use of RFC1323 winshift. It is turned on by default and need not be modified. Once you have editted this file, you must configure a new kernel (using /etc/autoconfig) and reboot the system with it. Only slightly related to this page, SGI [50]Hippi performance info. _________________________________________________________________ Procedure for raising network limits under SGI systems under IRIX 6.5 Under this version, there are two locations where configuration is done. The BSD values are now stored in /var/sysgen/mtune/bsd. For instance from the file: * name default minimum maximum * * TCP window sizes/socket space reservation; limited to 1Gbyte by RFC 1323 * tcp_sendspace 61440 2048 1073741824 tcp_recvspace 61440 2048 1073741824 These variables are used similarly to earlier IRIX 5 and 6 versions. There is also a systune command. This command allows you to configure other networking variables. Here is a sample of things which can be tuned using systune: /usr/sbin/systune (which is like sysctl for BSD) is what you use for tuneable values. group: net_stp (statically changeable) stp_ttl = 60 (0x3c) stp_ipsupport = 0 (0x0) stp_oldapi = 0 (0x0) group: net_udp (dynamically changeable) soreceive_alt = 1 (0x1) arpreq_alias = 0 (0x0) udp_recvgrams = 2 (0x2) udp_sendspace = 61440 (0xf000) udp_ttl = 60 (0x3c) group: net_tcp (dynamically changeable) tcp_gofast = 0 (0x0) tcp_recvspace = 61440 (0xf000) tcp_sendspace = 61440 (0xf000) tcprexmtthresh = 3 (0x3) tcp_2msl = 60 (0x3c) tcp_mtudisc = 1 (0x1) tcp_maxpersistidle = 7200 (0x1c20) tcp_keepintvl = 75 (0x4b) tcp_keepidle = 7200 (0x1c20) tcp_ttl = 60 (0x3c) group: net_rsvp (statically changeable) ps_num_batch_pkts = 0 (0x0) ps_rsvp_bandwidth = 50 (0x32) ps_enabled = 1 (0x1) group: net_mbuf (statically changeable) mbretain = 20 (0x14) mbmaxpages = 16383 (0x3fff) group: net_ip (dynamically changeable) tcpiss_md5 = 0 (0x0) subnetsarelocal = 1 (0x1) allow_brdaddr_srcaddr = 0 (0x0) ipdirected_broadcast = 0 (0x0) ipsendredirects = 1 (0x1) ipforwarding = 1 (0x1) ipfilterd_inactive_behavior = 1 (0x1) icmp_dropredirects = 0 (0x0) group: network (statically changeable) netthread_float = 0 (0x0) group: inpcb (statically changeable) udp_hashtablesz = 2048 (0x800) tcp_hashtablesz = 8184 (0x1ff8) Finally, the tcp_sendspace and tcp_recvspace can be tuned on a per-interface basis using the rspace and sspace options to ifconfig. Editors note: I haven't personally used an IRIX 6.5 system, but looking at this information, I suppose that you'd want to edit the BSD file for a permanent kernel change which will last across reboots. For a less permanent change, you should probably use the systune command. I guess another way to make a permanent change would be to add something to one of the rc files which run at boot time. SACK: As of 6.5.7, SACK is included in the IRIX operating system and is on by default. _________________________________________________________________ Procedure for raising network limits under SunOS 4.1.4 The default socket buffer sizes are set in the file /sys/netinet/in_proto.c. Edit the file and then rebuild the kernel for changes to take affect. _________________________________________________________________ Procedure for raising network limits under Solaris 2.5 The ndd variable tcp_xmit_hiwat is used to determine the default SO_SNDBUF size. The ndd variable tcp_recv_hiwat is used to determine the default SO_RCVBUF size. The ndd variable tcp_max_buf specifies the maximum socket buffer size. To change them, use: ndd -set /dev/tcp tcp_max_buf xxx ndd -set /dev/tcp tcp_xmit_hiwat xxx ndd -set /dev/tcp tcp_recv_hiwat xxx (Note: I believe xxx should be specified in bytes) The ndd variable ip_path_mtu_discovery controls the use of path MTU discovery. The default value is 1, which means on. Note that ndd can also be used to increase the volume of TCP connections available to a machine. ndd -set /dev/tcp tcp_conn_req_max (where is greater than 32 (the default) but less (or equal to) 1024). This may help if your network traffic is comprised of many small streams rather than just a few large streams. In Solaris 2.6; and also 2.5 and 2.5.1 with newer tcp patches, the tcp_conn_req_max ndd setting has been removed, and split into two new settings: tcp_conn_req_max_q default value = 128 number of connections in ESTABLISHED state (3-way handshake completed; not yet accepted) tcp_conn_req_max_q0 default value = 1024 number of connections in SYN_RCVD state SACK is now available in an experimental release for Solaris 2.6. To obtain it, see [51]ftp://playground.sun.com/pub/sack/tcp.sack.tar.Z Additional Info about recent versions of solaris can be found at [52]http://www.rvs.uni-hannover.de/people/voeckler/tune/EN/tune.html#t hp _________________________________________________________________ Details about SACK under Solaris 7 Solaris 7 includes SACK, which is on in "passive" mode by default. That means it is enabled only if the other side sends sackok in the initial SYN. To make it active, set tcp_sack_permitted to 2. The default is 1. To completely disable SACK, set tcp_sack_permitted to 0. The tcp_sack_permitted variable can be set using the ndd command as described below. Other kernel variables remain the same under Solaris 7 as they were in 2.5. _________________________________________________________________ References 2. http://www.scd.ucar.edu/vg/DCSL/LDT/StatusReports/042996.tunable-ftp.tar.Z 3. http://www.ncne.org/tool_repository.html 4. http://www.psc.edu/networking/auto.html 5. http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/People/vwelch/net_perf/tcp_windows.html 6. http://www.psc.edu/networking/all_sack.html 7. http://www.psc.edu/networking/all_sack.html 9. ftp://daedalus.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/tcpsack/ 14. http://www.psc.edu/networking/tcp.html 16. http://www.iet.unipi.it/~luigi/research.html 28. http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q182/1/08.asp 31. http://www.psc.edu/networking/tcp.html 39. ftp://playground.sun.com/pub/sack/tcp.sack.tar.Z 43. http://www.unix.digital.com/internet/tuning.htm 44. http://docs.hp.com/ 45. http://www.netperf.org/netperf/NetperfPage.html 46. http://www.sustworks.com/products/product_otat.html 47. http://moat.nlanr.net/Software/TCPtune/ 49. http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q182/1/08.asp 50. http://reality.sgi.com/employees/skibo/hippiTcpPerf.html 51. ftp://playground.sun.com/pub/sack/tcp.sack.tar.Z 52. http://www.rvs.uni-hannover.de/people/voeckler/tune/EN/tune.html#thp

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